Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshiab
Cov ntaub ntawv uas tau hais los saum no yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm. Nrog rau kev tsim thiab siv cov phonograph, microfilm, kaw, kaw video, thiab khoos phis tawj, hom tshiab tsis yog- cov ntawv luam tawm tau tshwm sim, xws li cov ntaub ntawv, microfilm, audio tapes, video tapes, thiab optical discs, sau npe hu ua microforms, audiovisual materials, thiab electronic publications. Cov no feem ntau muab faib ua rau pawg: ntawv xov xwm, cov ntawv xov xwm, cov phau ntawv, cov khoom siv suab, cov ntawv xov xwm hluav taws xob, thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv internet. Ua raws li kev tsim tawm ntawm microfilm, kaw, thiab kaw cov yees duab thev naus laus zis nyob rau thaum ntxov thiab nruab nrab- xyoo pua 20th, thiab nrog rau kev tshwm sim ntawm cov khoos phis tawj ua qhov nruab nrab rau kev tshaj tawm ntau hom ntaub ntawv, kev tsim cov microfilm (rolls), audio tapes, video tapes, thiab floppy disks -cov khoom lag luam reproduced los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab ua cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm kev siv tshuab. cov khoom lag luam kev txawj ntse-tseem hu ua kev tshaj tawm. Cov khoom no kuj suav hais tias yog cov ntawv tshaj tawm, suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv nyeem suab, lossis cais raws li microforms, cov ntaub ntawv audiovisual, thiab cov ntawv xov xwm hluav taws xob. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, lub cev daim ntawv tshaj tawm thiab cov ntsiab lus uas lawv nqa yuav dhau los ua ntau yam tshiab.
Narrowly Defined Publications
Cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv qhov nqaim tsuas yog suav nrog cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv xov xwm, tsis suav nrog cov ntawv xov xwm, raws li cov ntawv xov xwm koom nrog hauv kev sau xov xwm. Txawm hais tias cov ntaub ntawv audiovisual tsim nyog raws li kev tshaj tawm kuj yog qhov kev sib cav. Cov teeb meem no yuav maj mam ua kom pom tseeb hauv kev xyaum.
Tsob Ntoo Tsob Ntoo
Cov ntawv luam tawm ib txwm muaj, suav nrog cov ntawv xov xwm, ntawv xov xwm, thiab phau ntawv, yog txhua yam khoom luam tawm. Txij li thaum lub invention ntawm lub phonograph nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th caug xyoo, lub functionality thiab ntau lawm txoj kev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau zoo ib yam li los yog ze rau cov phau ntawv. Ob leeg koom nrog kev hloov cov khoom lag luam kev txawj ntse mus rau hauv cov khoom siv, tsim cov ntawv luam thawj, thiab tom qab ntawd rov tsim dua rau kev faib tawm hauv ib qho twg. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tseem hu ua kev tshaj tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv tau dhau los ua ib hom kev tshaj tawm.
Kev tshaj tawm hauv kev nkag siab dav, raws li UNESCO, suav nrog ob pawg tseem ceeb: cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis tu ncua thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis tu ncua. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis tu ncua tau muab faib ua cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm (tseem hu ua periodicals).
Kev tshaj tawm tsis tu ncua: Cov no tau muab faib ua cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm. Cov ntawv xov xwm raug cais raws li lub sijhawm tshaj tawm txhua hnub lossis tsis yog- txhua hnub. Cov ntawv xov xwm niaj hnub raug luam tawm plaub lossis ntau zaus hauv ib lub lis piam, thaum tsis yog- cov ntawv xov xwm niaj hnub raug tshaj tawm tsawg dua plaub zaug hauv ib lub lis piam. Cov ntawv xov xwm tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov ntawv xov xwm dav dav nrog cov ntsiab lus dav rau cov neeg tuaj saib dav dav thiab cov ntawv xov xwm tshwj xeeb nrog cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg tuaj saib. Cov ntawv xov xwm feem ntau suav nrog txhua lub lim tiam, kaum-hnub, ib nrab-ib hlis, txhua hli, bi-ib hlis, peb lub hlis twg, thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm txhua xyoo. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm txhua xyoo feem ntau hu ua phau ntawv xyoo. Qee cov ntawv xov xwm kuj tau luam tawm tsis tu ncua.
Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis tu ncua: Cov no feem ntau muaj cov phau ntawv (nrog rau cov phau ntawv, phau ntawv kawm, thiab duab). Phau ntawv muaj npog thiab khi. Cov duab tsis yog npog los yog khi. Cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug cai feem ntau xa mus rau cov phau ntawv. Thaum "phau ntawv" feem ntau txhais tau hais tias "phau ntawv," hauv kev ua haujlwm txheeb cais, "phau ntawv" qee zaum siv los ua ib lo lus dav dav suav nrog phau ntawv, phau ntawv, thiab duab. Cov phau ntawv feem ntau tau luam tawm tsis tu ncua, tab sis qee cov phau ntawv tau ua ntej - tau txiav txim siab kwv yees hnub tshaj tawm thiab tau luam tawm txuas ntxiv, hu ua series lossis sau. Cov phau ntawv kuj tau muab faib ua ob pawg raws li cov nplooj ntawv suav: cov ntawv uas muaj ntau dua 48 nplooj ntawv (tsis suav nrog lub hau) hu ua phau ntawv; cov uas tsuas muaj 48 nplooj ntawv lossis tsawg dua yog hu ua phau ntawv. Qhov kev sib txawv no yog cumbersome thiab tsis tau txais los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv xov xwm yuav tsum tsis txhob suav tias yog ob lub ntsiab lus tsis sib xws. Qhov tseeb, phau ntawv yog ib hom ntawv. Tsis hais txog nplooj ntawv suav, txhua yam uas muaj lub hau npog thiab khi rau hauv phau ntawv yog phau ntawv. Daim duab phab ntsa, ib daim duab qhia chaw, thiab ib daim duab (xws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm tshaj tawm thiab cov duab Xyoo Tshiab) tsis muaj npog thiab tsis khi rau hauv phau ntawv tsis suav tias yog phau ntawv.
